Auteur/autrice : Patrick Gallinari

Deep Learning for Satellite Imagery: Semantic Segmentation, Non-Rigid Alignment, and Self-Denoising – Guillaume Charpiat – 4 Decembre 2019

Quand : 4 Decembre 2019 à 10:30

Où : Campus Pierre and Marie Curie (Sorbonne Université) salle 105 du LIP6 couloir 25-26 1er étage.

Résumé
Neural networks have been producing impressive results in computer vision these last years, in image classification or segmentation in particular. To be transferred to remote sensing, this tool needs adaptation to its specifics: large images, many small objects per image, keeping high-resolution output, unreliable ground truth (usually mis-registered). We will review the work done in our group for remote sensing semantic segmentation, explaining the evolution of our neural net architecture design to face these challenges, and finally training a network to register binary cadaster maps to RGB images while detecting new buildings if any, in a multi-scale approach. We will show in particular that it is possible to train on noisy datasets, and to make predictions at an accuracy much better than the variance of the original noise. To explain this phenomenon, we build theoretical tools to express input similarity from the neural network point of view, and use them to quantify data redundancy and associated expected denoising effects.
If time permits, we might also present work on hurricane track forecast from reanalysis data (2-3D coverage of the Earth’s surface with temperature/pressure/etc. fields) using deep learning.

Notice Biographie:

After a PhD thesis at ENS on shape statistics for image segmentation, and a year in Bernhard Schölkopf’s team at MPI Tübingen on kernel methods for medical imaging, Guillaume Charpiat joined INRIA Sophia-Antipolis to work on computer vision, and later INRIA Saclay to work on machine learning. Lately, he has been focusing on deep learning, with in particular remote sensing imagery as an application field.

Affiliation:
Guillaume Charpiat (Équipe TAU, INRIA Saclay / LRI – Université Paris-Sud)

Prévision d’ensemble par apprentissage séquentiel en météorologie, et méta-modélisation en pollution urbaine – Vivien Mallet 20 Septembre 2019

Quand : 20 Septembre 2019 à 14:00

Où : Campus Pierre and Marie Curie (Sorbonne Université) salle 105 du LIP6 couloir 25-26 1er étage.

Résumé
Le séminaire aura pour objectif d’illustrer certains apports de l’apprentissage dans des applications environnementales complexes.
La première partie concernera la prévision d’ensemble. Un objectif est d’agréger un ensemble de prévisions en une prévision unique et meilleure que chaque prévision de l’ensemble. Une approche plus ambitieuse consiste à prévoir une distribution de probabilité afin de conserver une mesure de l’incertitude de prévision. Nous verrons qu’il est possible de prévoir une distribution plus performante que toute distribution empirique formée par une pondération constante des prévisions de l’ensemble. Les travaux seront illustrés par la prévision du rayonnement solaire et de la production photovoltaïque d’EDF.
La seconde partie concernera la substitution d’un modèle environnemental, complexe et numériquement coûteux, par un méta-modèle extrêmement rapide et pourtant suffisamment fidèle au modèle complet. Nous verrons comment il est possible de remplacer un modèle non-linéaire opérant en grande dimension en (1) procédant à une réduction de dimension sur ses entrées et ses sorties, et (2) apprenant le comportement du modèle par un échantillonnage adapté. Il est aussi possible d’y mêler des données d’observation (issues de stations ponctuelles) pour améliorer les prévisions du méta-modèle. L’approche sera illustrée par la simulation de la pollution atmosphérique et de la pollution sonore en milieu urbain, à la résolution de la rue.

Notice Biographie:
Vivien Mallet est chercheur au centre INRIA de Paris. Il travaille sur l’assimilation de données (couplage modélisation/observation) et la quantification des incertitudes pour des problèmes en environnement.

Learning & Dynamical Systems: application to ocean dynamics – Ronan Fablet 15 May 2019

When: 15 May 2019 at 10:30

Where: Campus Pierre and Marie Curie (Sorbonne University) room 105 of LIP6 corridor 25-26 1st floor.

Abstract
Learning techniques and data-driven approaches become relevant alternatives to classical model-driven approaches for a large number of application domains, including for the study of phenomena governed by physical laws. They offer new means to take advantage of the potential of observation and/or simulation big data.
In this talk, we will discuss data-driven strategies for the identification, simulation and reconstruction of dynamical systems with illustrations on ocean monitoring applications (e.g., reconstruction of the sea surface, maritime traffic surveillance). We will specifically address how neural networks can provide novel means for the data-driven identification of representations of dynamical systems, which are imperfectly observed (e.g., noisy data, partial observation, irregular sampling..). We might further discuss the relevance of dynamical system theory for the understanding of state-of-the-art neural networks, especially residual nets.

Background:
Ronan Fablet got an engineer degree from ISAE-SUPAERO (Institut Supérieur de l’Aéronautique et de l’Espace) Toulouse, France (1997), a MSC. In Applied Math from Univ. Paul sabatier, Toulouse, France (1997) and a the Ph.D. degree in signal processing and telecommunications from the University of Rennes/INRIA Rennes, France (2001). In 2002, he was a INRIA postdoctoral fellow with Brown University, Providence, RI, USA. From 2003 to 2007, he held a full-time research position with IFREMER Brest in the field of signal and image processing applied to fisheries science. In 2008, he joined the Signal and Communications Department, IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (formerly Télécom Bretagne), as an Associate Professor, and has been holding a full Professor position since 2012. He was a Visiting Researcher with Institut de Recherche pour le Deéveloppement/Instituto del Mar del Peru, Peru (Peruvian Sea Research Institute) in 2011 and a Visting Professor at IMEDEA (CSIC/UIB, Spain) in 2016. His main research interests are in data science with the main application field in ocean monitoring and surveillance. He has led national and international programs (e.g., EU STREP AFISA, ANR MN EMOCEAN, ANR ASTRID SESAME). He co-authored more than 200 articles and communications in peer-reviewed conferences and journals. Some references: (full paper available on  my researchgate.net )

Artificial Intelligence for Very High Resolution Earth Observation: Environment Monitoring – Mihai Datcu 05 Apr. 2019

When: Friday 5 April 2019 at 14:30
Where: Campus Pierre and Marie Curie (Sorbonne University) room 105 of LIP6 corridor 25-26 1st floor.

This presentation is organised in collaboration with the Chaire Internationale de Recherche Blaise Pascal financed by « Région Ile-de-France », managed by the « Fondation de l’Ecole normale supérieure » and hosted at CEDRIC, Cnam.

Abstract:
The Earth is facing unprecedented climatic, geomorphologic, environmental and anthropogenic changes, which require global scale observation and monitoring. Thus a multitude of new orbital and suborbital Earth Observation (EO) sensors and mission are in operation or will be soon launched. The interest is in a global understanding involving observation of large extended areas, and long periods of time, with a broad variety of EO sensors.  The collected EO data volumes are thus increasing immensely with a rate of many Terabytes of data a day. With the current EO technologies these figure will be soon amplified, the horizons are beyond Zettabytes of data. The challenge is the exploration of these data and the timely delivery of focused information and knowledge in a simple understandable format.Therefore, search engines, and Data Mining are new fields of study that have arisen to seek solutions to automating the extraction of information from EO observations and other related sources that can lead to Knowledge Discovery and the creation of an actionable intelligence. Knowledge Discovery is among the most interesting research trends, however, the real challenge is to combine Artificial Intelligence with the power and potential of human intelligence, this being a primary objective in the field of Human Machine Communication (HMC). The goal is to go beyond the today methods of information retrieval and develop new concepts and methods to support end users of EO data to interactively analyze the information content, extract relevant parameters, associate various sources of information, learn and/or apply knowledge and to visualize the pertinent information without getting overwhelmed. In this context, the synergy of HMC and information retrieval becomes an interdisciplinary approach in automating EO data analysis.

Background:
Mihai Datcu received the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Electronics and Telecommunications from the University Politechnica Bucharest UPB, Romania, in 1978 and 1986. In 1999 he received the title Habilitation à diriger des recherches in Computer Science from University Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France. Currently he is Senior Scientist and Data Intelligence and Knowledge Discovery research group leader with the Remote Sensing Technology Institute (IMF) of the German Aerospace Center (DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen, and Professor with the Department of Applied Electronics and Information Engineering, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology, UPB. From 1992 to 2002 he had a longer Invited Professor assignment with the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich. From 2005 to 2013 he has been Professor holder of the DLR-CNES Chair at ParisTech, Paris Institute of Technology, Telecom Paris. His interests are in Data Science, Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence, and Computational Imaging for space applications. He is involved in Big Data from Space European, ESA, NASA and national research programs and projects. He is a member of the ESA Big Data from Space Working Group. He received in 2006 the Best Paper Award, IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society Prize, in 2008 the National Order of Merit with the rank of Knight, for outstanding international research results, awarded by the President of Romania, and in 1987 the Romanian Academy Prize Traian Vuia for the development of SAADI image analysis system and activity in image processing. He is IEEE Fellow. He is holder of a 2017 Blaise Pascal Chair at CEDRIC, CNAM.

20 March 2019: Seminar AI in LOCEAN

Future seminar in LOCEAN (open to everyone) is directly related to AI & Climate:

Redouane Lguensat (Université Grenoble Alpes, IGE, Grenoble): Inferring hidden equations using Quasi-Geostrophic theory guided machine learning

mer., 20 mars, 11:00 – 12:00
LATMOS, grande salle du 4ème, Tour 45-46, pièce 411

Abstract:

Inferring hidden equations governing dynamical systems from data has always been one of the challenging problems in the interplay between physics and data science. It was just a matter of time before the recent advancements in machine learning and in computational capacities come in hand and spark off a series of works dedicated to address this problem. In this work we present a Quasi-Geostrophic numerical model coded using differentiable operators thus permitting the use of automatic differentiation libraries (e.g. Tensorflow). This makes the model flexible and suited for parameter optimization, especially using neural networks. We illustrate the relevance of the proposed architecture through an example of a regression problem where we show how can we obtain the parameters of the potential vorticity equation using only consecutive scenes of Sea Surface Height. This can be of interest for finding the closest QG-like approximation to a given ocean simulation model or help exploring the effect of adding new operators in the potential vorticity equation. The code we provide is suitable for GPU implementation and therefore can allow for faster execution and profit from the quick advancements in GPU development. We expect that the directions of research we suggest will help in bringing more interest in applied machine learning to ocean numerical modeling.

Journal Club of V. Balaji

We are hereby re-transmiting the Journal Club news:

This is an announcement of a ‘Journal Club’ on the subject of ‘machine learning’ (ML) methods and their potential application in Earth System modeling (ESM). We will read together (with some imagination the name of the journal club can be pronounced ‘ensemble’!) some of the key papers in this nascent domain, to give ourselves ideas and inspiration on how to integrate these methods in our work, to find a common language between the ESM and ML disciplines, between theory and practice, between idealized systems and the Earth system.
The rules of the game are: someone picks an article where she would like to lead a discussion. To be clear, ‘leading’ doesn’t mean explaining the whole paper: everyone is supposed to have read the paper beforehand, and the discussion will cover points in the paper that aren’t clear, potential flaws and holes, and ideas on how to continue down the path ourselves.
I will lead the first one-hour session, and hope that others will volunteer to lead future ones! It will be on a monthly schedule, every third Thursday, at 14h.
Thus the first is scheduled for 21 February 2019.  There is a room reserved at Jussieu at METIS (Campus Pierre et Marie Curie – Salle Henry Darcy – 3e étage – couloir 46-56) and a visio as well to allow participation from Paris and Saclay campuses. Details, see below.
We will begin with these two articles:
– Schneider et al 2017: Earth System Modeling 2.0: A Blueprint for Models That Learn From Observations and Targeted High‐Resolution Simulations. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2017GL076101
– Bolton and Zanna 2019: Applications of Deep Learning to Ocean Data Inference and Subgrid Parameterization. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2018MS001472

Hope to see you on the 21st. To have some idea of the level of interest, please drop me a note… but please don’t ‘reply all’ !
Venkatramani Balaji